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**Classification**

Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disorder categorized into ischemic stroke (about 60% of cases), hemorrhagic stroke (around 30%), and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ischemic stroke often occurs in the elderly with conditions like atherosclerosis and hypertension, typically during sleep or rest. Hemorrhagic stroke is more common in individuals over 50 with poorly controlled hypertension, leading to vascular degeneration and intracerebral bleeding.

**Recurrence Risk**

Stroke carries a high recurrence risk. The 5 - year recurrence rate is about 42% in men and 24% in women, with the first year posing the greatest risk (around 10% recurrence). The first month post - stroke is critical, accounting for 30% of the 5 - year cumulative risk. For transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients, the stroke risk within 90 days is approximately 10%, with half of the events occurring within the first 48 hours.

**Treatment**

Stroke treatment now involves a comprehensive clinical system covering acute - phase intervention and long - term rehabilitation. For acute ischemic stroke, intravenous thrombolysis is the first - line treatment, and mechanical thrombectomy can extend the therapeutic window to up to 24 hours for select patients. Antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, and neuroprotective strategies are also part of the integrated approach. Early recognition and rapid response are vital, as emphasized by the principle that "time is brain."

**Future Directions in Stroke Treatment**

Precision Medicine: Neuroimaging advances will help identify distinct stroke subtypes for personalized treatment.

Development of Novel Neuroprotective Agents:Multi - target therapies addressing ischemia - reperfusion injury are a major focus.

Artificial Intelligence (AI):AI is being explored for stroke prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis to enhance clinical efficiency.

Innovative Rehabilitation Therapies:Brain - computer interfaces and stem cell - based therapies show potential for stroke recovery.

With medical technology advances, stroke prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation are expected to become more effective and precise.

**References**

National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2023). Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke (2023 Edition).

Zhou, D. et al. (Eds.). (2020). Neurology (9th ed.). Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House.

Chinese Stroke Association. (2022). Chinese Guidelines for Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack (2022 Edition).

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